Syntax:
compute ID group-ID heat/flux ke-ID pe-ID stress-ID
Examples:
compute myFlux all heat/flux myKE myPE myStress
Description:
Define a computation that calculates the heat flux vector based on contributions from atoms in the specified group. This can be used by itself to measure the heat flux into or out of a reservoir of atoms, or to calculate a thermal conductivity using the Green-Kubo formalism.
See the fix thermal/conductivity command for details on how to compute thermal conductivity in an alternate way, via the Muller-Plathe method. See the fix heat command for a way to control the heat added or subtracted to a group of atoms.
The compute takes three arguments which are IDs of other computes. One calculates per-atom kinetic energy (ke-ID), one calculates per-atom potential energy (pe-ID), and the third calcualtes per-atom stress (stress-ID). These should be defined for the same group used by compute heat/flux, though LAMMPS does not check for this.
The Green-Kubo formulas relate the ensemble average of the auto-correlation of the heat flux J to the thermal conductivity kappa:
Ei in the first term of the equation for J is the per-atom energy (potential and kinetic). This is calculated by the computes ke-ID and pe-ID. Si in the second term of the equation for J is the per-atom stress tensor calculated by the compute stress-ID. The tensor multiplies Vi as a 3x3 matrix-vector multiply to yield a vector. Note that as discussed below, the 1/V scaling factor in the equation for J is NOT included in the calculation performed by this compute; you need to add it for a volume appropriate to the atoms included in the calculation.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The compute pe/atom and compute stress/atom commands have options for which terms to include in their calculation (pair, bond, etc). The heat flux calculation will thus include exactly the same terms. Normally you should use compute stress/atom virial so as not to include a kinetic energy term in the heat flux. Note that neither of those computes is able to include a long-range Coulombic contribution to the per-atom energy or stress.
This compute calculates 6 quantities and stores them in a 6-component vector. The first 3 components are the x, y, z components of the full heat flux vector, i.e. (Jx, Jy, Jz). The next 3 components are the x, y, z components of just the convective portion of the flux, i.e. the first term in the equation for J above.
The heat flux can be output every so many timesteps (e.g. via the thermo_style custom command). Then as a post-processing operation, an autocorrelation can be performed, its integral estimated, and the Green-Kubo formula above evaluated.
Here is an example of this procedure. First a LAMMPS input script for solid Ar is appended below. A Python script correlate.py is also given, which calculates the autocorrelation of the flux output in the logfile flux.log, produced by the LAMMPS run. It is invoked as
correlate.py flux.log -c 3 -s 200
The resulting data lists the autocorrelation in column 1 and the integral of the autocorrelation in column 2. After running the correlate.py script, the value of the integral is ~9e-11. This has to be multiplied by V/(kB T^2) times the sample interval and the appropriate unit conversion factors. For real units in LAMMPS,
kappa (KCal/(mol fmsec Ang K)) = V/(k_B*(T^2)) x "thermo" output frequency x timestep x Integral value
where
V = 10213.257 Angs^3 k_B = 1.98721e-3 KCal/(mol K) T = ~70K
Therefore, lamda = 3.7736e-6 (KCal/(mol fs A K)).
Converting to W/mK gives:
3.7736e-6 * (4182 / (1e-15 * 1e-10 * N_Avogradro)) = 3.7736e-6 * 69443.837 = ~0.26 W/mK
Output info:
This compute calculates a global vector of length 6 (total heat flux vector, followed by conductive heat flux vector), which can be accessed by indices 1-6. These values can be used by any command that uses global vector values from a compute as input. See this section for an overview of LAMMPS output options.
The vector values calculated by this compute are "extensive", meaning they scale with the number of atoms in the simulation. They can be divided by the appropriate volume to get a flux, which would then be an "intensive" value, meaning independent of the number of atoms in the simulation. Note that if the compute is "all", then the appropriate volume to divide by is the simulation box volume. However, if a sub-group is used, it should be the volume containing those atoms.
The vector values will be in energy*velocity units. Once divided by a volume the units will be that of flux, namely energy/area/time units
Restrictions: none
Related commands:
Default: none
atom_style atomic units real dimension 3 boundary p p p lattice fcc 5.376 orient x 1 0 0 orient y 0 1 0 orient z 0 0 1 region box block 0 4 0 4 0 4 create_box 1 box create_atoms 1 box mass 1 39.948 pair_style lj/cut 13.0 pair_coeff * * 0.2381 3.405 group every region box velocity all create 70 102486 mom yes rot yes dist gaussian timestep 4.0 thermo 10
# ------------- Equilibration and thermalisation ----------------
fix NPT all npt 70 70 10 xyz 0.0 0.0 100.0 drag 0.2 run 8000 unfix NPT
# --------------- Equilibration in nve -----------------
fix NVE all nve run 8000
# -------------- Flux calculation in nve ---------------
reset_timestep 0 compute myKE all ke/atom compute myPE all pe/atom compute myStress all stress/atom virial compute flux all heat/flux myKE myPE myStress log flux.log variable J equal c_flux[1]/vol thermo_style custom step temp v_J run 100000